Dual Coding Theory Essay Example

Dual Coding Theory Paper The mind can perform different kind of processes ranging from verbal up to non-verbal processing and other different processes. Performing different processes has made different studies on how our mind really works. However, since the mind is too complex to be the focus of a study, many researchers resorted to studying the processes that the human mind can perform. Theoretical Background Dual Coding Theory Dual Coding Theory (DCT) focuses on the verbal and the non-verbal processes of the human mind. DCT attempts to discuss how equal weights are given to both verbal and non-verbal mind processes. The human mind is able to deal with several processes while simultaneously dealing with another process. An instance is that when mind is dealing with language processing, it can also simultaneously deal with processing non-verbal objects and events. Dual Coding Theory gives light on how this process occur simultaneously (Paivio, 2008). Dual coding assumes that two cognitive subsystems exist. The two subsystems represent a specialized processing of non-verbal images and events and the other represents a specialized processing of language. The Dual Coding Theory is illustrated below. Coding Theory. The figure also shows the three important processes involved in Dual Coding Theory. From the figure, one can see the terms logogens and imagens. Paivio introduced logogens and imagens as two different types of representational units. Logogens is a representational unit for verbal entities. We will write a custom essay sample on Dual Coding Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dual Coding Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dual Coding Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While, imagens is a representational unit for mental images (Paivio, 2008). Dual Coding Theory involves three types of processes that occur in order. First is representational. In this process, the direct verbal and non-verbal representations were activated. Second is referential. Verbal system activation by non-verbal system and vice versa occurs in this process. Last process is associative processing. This process involves activation of representations by the same verbal and non-verbal systems (Paivio, 2008).

How can visual illusions illustrate top down processes in perception Essays

How can visual illusions illustrate top down processes in perception Essays How can visual illusions illustrate top down processes in perception Paper How can visual illusions illustrate top down processes in perception Paper There are many different types of visual illusions, many of which can be shown to illustrate different mental processes in perception. Types of illusion including those involving ambiguity, distortion and fiction can be seen to be processed using varied mental methods and can be categorised into physical, physiological, and cognitive illusions. Physiological, or bottom up processing is directly affected by the stimulus input (Eysenck, 2004) as supported by Gibson, where as cognitive or top down theory is a constructivist approach upheld by those such as Bruner and Neisser, stating that processes are influenced by the individuals expectation and knowledge rather than simply the stimulus itself (Eysenck, 2004). Both methods of processing however can be illustrated through the explanation of certain visual illusions. Top down processing is a high level and secondary form of perception and is affected by our expectations and beliefs as well as being hypothesis or expectation driven. Visual illusions can be used to illustrate this type of perceptual processing in a number of ways, one of which is in illusions which involve ambiguity. One example in which this can be seen is the Necker cube (see figure 1). This optical illusion was first published in 1982 in Switzerland by Louis Albert Necker. It has an ambiguous nature as it can be interpreted in more than one way. It the intersection of the two lines, it is unclear which is in the front therefore meaning that it can be understood in two different formats consequently using multi-stable perception. Upon seeing two different images when looking at clearly only one visual stimulus it can be concluded that the difference in perception has to be attributed to another source. This can be seen to be a result of top down processing as it is the context that the illusion is in and the previous experiences in the same area that mean that the viewer sees more than is really there. The illusion can also be proved top down by the fact that they are somewhat under conscious control in that the perception can be altered by choice. Supporting this approach is Constructivist theory, in which advocates Bruner, Neisser and Gregory all insist the emphasis of the role of top down processes as the one of prominent importance in perception. This theory of indirect perception follows the principle that perception is the end-product of hypotheses expectations and knowledge (Eysenck, 2004). These ideas have been proven for example Palmers kitchen scene experiment in 1975 where items were identified correctly more often if put into their context. When this approach is applied to visual illusions, it supports the top down theory for the explanation of them in that context and previous experiences are used, deceiving people into seeing something that is incorrect. There are however several criticisms of using constructivism to prove top down theory in illusions. One way in which is that one of the main principle of constructivism is that perception reached by hypothesis is prone to error, however in everyday life it can be seen that this is not the case. In addition, many of the experiments that prove the constructivist theory are artificial and inconsistent with normal life. Visual illusions can also be explained from a bottom up perspective. This primary form of cognition is low level and uses serial processing as one process is completed before the next begins (Eysenck, 2004). This form of perceptual information processing is frequently data driven and is predominantly involuntary, not being influenced by context or hypothesis. Visual illusions can be used to explain this type of perceptual processing in a number of ways, one of which is in illusions which involve fiction. One example of which is the illusion of the Mach Bands (see figure 2). This illusion was created by Italian psychologist Ernst Mach and can be seen practical terms in medicine when examining x-rays. Mach Bands is a fictional illusion as the eye tends to interpret either a bright or dark vertical band near the area where there is a strong gradient change in the color, when in fact none exists. This is supposedly due to lateral inhibition of the receptors in the eye however it can also be attributed to the statistical strategy of visual perception (Lotto, Williams, Purves, 1999). This illusion can be explained through bottom up perception processes and constasts sharply with top down theory as it does not use previous knowledge or context to delude the viewer, it is purely an automatic, low-level mechanism without hypothesis or expectation. An argument which supports this approach is the theory of Direct perception, maintained by the American psychologist James Gibson. He claimed there is information available in sensory stimulation (Eysenck, 2004) and his main principles include structured light contains visual information from the environment, and that this provides information about the layout of objects also that perception involves picking up this information with little or no information processing being involved (Eysenck, 2004). These principles were proven by Gibson in 1950 using his pilot experiment in which he observed the pilots processing information from the environment with little or no expectation or hypothesis involved in relation to factors such as direction speed and altitude. When this approach is applied to visual illusions, it supports the bottom up theory for the explanation of them in that it shows visual information being absorbed without considering context. However there are several criticisms of Gibsons direct theory of perception, one of which being that processes are more complex than stated in his experiments, and another that his principles apply much more to some aspects of perception than to others. He also was incorrect in disregarding the use of internal representations to understand perception (Eysenck, 2004) for example memory which was later proved erroneous by the work of Menzel.

Are We Too Dependent on the Computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Are We Too Dependent on the Computer - Essay Example One of the major advantages of computers can be identified as its assistance to perform the data entry process quicker and accurate at the same time. Storing a document in a computer does not take much space being organized in a systematic manner and, thus, the user can store a large number of files avoiding chaos while searching for a particular one. It further helps the user to automate a variety of tasks that the user cannot perform manually at a rapid pace along with accuracy (Hefner 21-39). Importance of computers has also increased astonishingly in the present phenomenon owing to the usage of internet to convey information through a systematic way of computer networks irrespective of the geographical distance, as well as engaging minimal costs. Internet is further identified to be used by various professionals ranging from healthcare service providers to defense forces around the world operating in terms of an information hub which, in turn, encourages the usage of computers in various economic sectors. Social networking sites, such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, have emerged as an inevitable trend in the modern phenomenon which again explores the significance or rather the inclusion of computers in the modern day human society. Along with accumulating the required information, one can even shop online, thereby increasing the role of computers in the day to day lifestyle (Hefner 21-39). Even robots are often regarded to have emerged as an inseparable part of the modern human society. It is in this context that robots can be identified to play a major role in contributing to the overall efficiency of medical sciences and even defense oriented sectors. Other than these sectors, the robots have further emerged as a vital player in the field of astronomy as well. From a generalized point of view, almost in every technology based sectors, such as household appliance manufacturers, automobile manufacturers, agricultural sectors, construction business proces ses, as well as communication segments, the inclusion of computers and robotics are evident. During the process or innovation, measurement or evaluation and even during the execution of developmental process, computer technology plays a vital role (Chen, Minodora and Gligorescu 49-52). This particular phenomenon often tends to exhibit a situation where critiques perceive that human society is increasingly becoming dependent on computers to execute its daily functions. Nowadays, the world is increasingly getting indulged with the use of computers; however, from an in-depth point of view, it can be examined that mankind is yet not completely dependent upon computers. In favor of this argument, it can be noted that there is a number of works that computers lack in performing as efficiently as human beings such as understanding the psychological framework of the human behavior in a particular individual through observation. As computers are currently indulged in most of the sectors, inc luding medical sciences, hospitality and educational departments among others, it can indeed be regarded as a very essential tool to encourage the progress of human society at large. However, for example, in the educational sector, where information and knowledge are required in abundance, studies are to be conducted by the

Kalaipahoa, Poison God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kalaipahoa, Poison God - Essay Example The tree from which the woodcarving came was called the Kalaipahoa tree and perhaps this is where the name of the Hawaiian god Kalaipahoa originated. Certainly, Kalaipahoa, Poison God is a work of art at least going by the principles and elements of art. Perhaps it is appropriate to start by mention the fact that the Hawaiians produced this piece of art in order to construct their identity when it came to worship and other religious issues. This meant that the people of Hawaii in used to worship their god in a unique way that no other ethnic group did. This was particularly so in the sense that the Hawaiians had a sense of identity in their god of poison while other tribes worshipped their gods in the mountains and the oceans. Additionally, the Hawaiians constructed their god with human hair thus they strategically essentialized themselves to survive their cultural identity and draw more powerful supernatural support since its style, iconography, and underline message conveyed such. When it comes to the background of the work, the Hawaiian woodcarvers constructed the pieces of art for religious purposes and they made sure that Kalaipahoa was carved out of the Kalaipahoa tree that was considered very poisonous to humans. Mainly, the tree was collected from Molokai Island before being transported to the woodcarvers. Essentially, the people of Hawaii were well versed with all kinds of poisonous trees and they put this knowledge into good use by utilizing it in wars and in worship. Although the Kalaipahoa tree was very famous for its medicinal value, its poisonous nature proved to be unbearable at times and could kill humans within seconds of inhalation or contact. Finally but equally important, it is worthy to note that Kameharnehas poison-god, who was also called Kalai-pahoa, was a female carved out of wood with human hair. Her facial expression depicted anguish with one eye shut whiles the other one wide open. She seemed to be looking at the

Goverance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goverance - Essay Example s and responsibilities of senior management, the crucial problems that affect success in the total enterprise, and the decisions that determine the direction of the organization and shape its function†. Policies and strategic management are responsibilities of the chief executive officer (CEO). A major task under these responsibilities is corporate governance which is simply defined as â€Å"controlling, restraining and directing the making and administration of these policies† (Webster 1997). In health care, like in any other enterprise, administrative issues that affect the relevant structures of the health institution are ultimately governed by the CEO or the board of directors. It is in this regard that this paper aims to examine a specific administrative issue that required the skills and professional expertise of the CEO to steer the health organization’s direction towards the attainment of its goals. The mission of one of the top ten hospitals in Asia is to improve the delivery of quality health care conforming to the strict standards of the Joint Accreditation Commission of Health Organizations (JACHO). It came to the attention of the Vice President for Nursing that their Nurse Managers are torn between prioritizing functions which are administrative in nature vis-à  -vis functions that cater to the delivery of patient care. Due to the Nurse Managers’ theoretical orientation for health care, the administrative tasks such as completion of reportorial requirements, monitoring and upkeep of equipment and supplies, staff requirements and budgeting are frequently neglected or seconded with priorities being focused to patient care. Every nursing unit in the hospital is headed by a nurse manager who is assigned as the chief head nurse on duty. Her job responsibilities entail patient care as the primary task and managerial functions such as planning, directing, staffing and control. These multi-task functions coupled with low pay contributed to low

Rawls Principles Of Justice Philosophy Essay

Rawls Principles Of Justice Philosophy Essay What is justice. Merriam-Webster defines justice as the quality of being just, impartial, or fair; the principle or ideal of just dealing or right action; conformity to this principle or ideal. For our purposes, justice is also seen as a concept that is balanced between law and morality. John Rawls states that justice is the first virtue of social institutions. He states that justice is best understood by a grasp of the principles of justice which are expected to represent the moral basis political government. These principles indicate that humankind needs liberty and freedom to the extent that they do not harm others. He believes, correctly I agree, that justice is significant to human development and prosperity. Rawls states that the challenge of justice is to ensure a just distribution of primary goods that include powers and opportunities, rights and liberties, means of self-respect, income and wealth among others. He disputed the earlier predominant common source of injustice, the utilitarianism theory (which states that justice is best defined by that which provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people). The theory of utilitarianism completely ignores the moral worth of an individual. This theory does not take into consideration the minority aspect of the population. Rawls writes about one such example of this mistreatment of the minority in relation to how the Jewish people were treated by the Nazis in Germany. In respect to the mistreatment of minorities, Rawls writes that you cannot reimburse for the sufferings of the distressed by enhancing the hoys of the successful. Fairness, according to him, occurs when the society makes sure that every individual is treated equall y before the law and given a chance to succeed in a socially-moderated life. He developed a concept that he deemed the original position, which gives people a chance to decide on the principles of justice from a veil of ignorance. This original position is a hypothetical situation where no one has any advantage over another. I find the veil of ignorance very interesting. Behind this veil, all individuals are specified as rational, free and morally equal beings in society. They do not know anything of themselves, their natural abilities, or their set position in the society in which they live. They have no idea of their sex, race, nationality, or individual tastes. Would they choose differently if they werent aware of these things? Would their society be less judgmental? I firmly believe so. I believe they would make choices about their lives that would adopt a strategy that would maximize the prospects of the not-so-well off, and make society a better balanced society. According to Rawls, the people in the original position, behind said veil of ignorance, wou ld adopt principles that would monitor the assignment of rights and duties and regulating the distribution of social and economic advantages in the society. His difference principle allows inequalities in the distribution of goods when the states inequalities benefit the least well off members of the society. However, Michael Sandel, noted author of Justice: Whats the Right Thing to Do?, would state that the idea of the veil of ignorance is unachievable. He argues that we are entangled with our communities, our pasts, and our sense of the possible future. If we are ashamed of what our country does, or proud of it, we are tacitly admitting that we are claimed by moral ties that we have not chosen and implicated in the narratives that shape our identity as moral agents. Sandel also believes the just society can be better achieved through a more emotional, patriotic and even religious appeal, rather than through Rawlss abstract liberalism. Sandel thinks that Rawlss liberal theory of justice fails because the neutrality of values associated with it begins with the false assumption that citizens are unencumbered selves totally unbound by any history, civic loyalties, sociopolitical circumstances, aims and attachments. We are all undeniably entwined with our communities. Other than Sandel, another critic of Rawlss position is Susan Moller Okin, author of, Reason and Feeling in Thinking About Justice. One would think that Rawlss theory would support feminist thinkers who seek to overturn the injustices suffered by women. The original position being supposedly blind to gender and tradition, and so, it seems, are the principles of justice Rawls derives. However, Susan Okin has several arguments against Rawlss theories, or in favor of adjustments to his theories. One of her first problems is that Rawlss theory is limited to public justice the deliberators are meant to be heads of families not necessarily gendered but entails that justice does not apply within families. Thus sacrifices for domestic arrangements such as childbearing, childcare, and housework, traditionally made by women, are simply not considered. He simply assumes families are just institutions, which in my opinion is far from true. Rawls also stresses the role of proper moral developm ent, which he believes is to take place within families. Upbringing must be both loving and just. However, how can a proper upbringing take place if the women of the family are not placed on equal foundations with the men? Rawls underplays the role of emotion in rational decision-making. This is not to say that only women use emotions to make decisions, but that the idea that anybody could make any decision free from emotional influences is a characteristically male attribute. Nevertheless, Okin thinks that in the right hands, Rawlss original position, which is blind to gender and tradition, has the potential to provide a framework for critique of systems which are gender-biased. Its just that Rawls fails to do this. The general conception of this principle is that all primary goods, such as liberty and opportunity, self-respect, incomes, and wealth, are supposed to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution of any or all of these primary goods are to the advantage of the least favored. The good is the satisfaction of rational desire thus making the goods different, but all people having a right to said goods. All individuals have equal right to the most general of basic liberties. Economic and social inequalities are to be set in a way that they are both rationally projected to be everyones advantage, and to be attached to positions that are open to all people in society. Rawls writes about three general principles of justice. The first said principle is the principle of greatest equal liberty. This principle states that each person has an equal right to the most basic liberty. It determines the basic rights that should be retained such as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the political liberties to vote, run for office, own property, and to have freedom of speech. These have to be protected to guarantee the development and prosperity of others. The second of Rawlss principles is the principle of fair equality of wealth and opportunity. According to this principle, everyone should have the same opportunities to make wealth, work, or govern in a public office. The only difference being the knowledge and skills of the individual. He states that it is in everyones advantage if positions of authority are accessible for any person to lead the community. The third principle of Rawls indicates that any social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are to th e greatest benefit to the least advantaged individuals in society. It indicates that for any effective change to be considered as an improvement, it should affect the least privileged. This principle is often referred to as the difference principle. Another critic of Rawls is Robert Nozick, author of Anarchy, The State and Utopia, which was primarily written to refute the theories of John Rawls. Specifically, Nozick takes issue with Rawls conception of distributive justice as it pertains to economic inequalities. Rawls wrote that economic inequalities should only be permitted if they are to the benefit of society, and especially if they are to the benefit of its least advantaged members; this has come to be known as the difference principle. Nozick believed that no one had any business permitting economic inequalities at all. To Nozick, as long as economic inequalities arise from voluntary exchange, they cannot be unjust. Rawls saw the importance of liberty, but he also saw the tragedy of inequality, particularly as it pertains to extreme poverty. To Rawls, it is unconscionable that some should be born into a life of misery and poverty while others enjoy great wealth without lifting a finger. To Nozick, the unconscionable thing is that anyone should feel the justified in appropriating property that is rightly entitled to someone else. I believe that while Rawlss theory of justice is admirable, it does have some flaws and weaknesses. Rawlss theory is not a formula for deciding what is right and wrong, but a framework for proposing principles of justice. No one can really know what a specific set of people would actually decide if they didnt know what sort of people they would be, what sort of lives and what appetite for risk they would have. But that does not mean the thought experiment cannot be used as a test. Would people who knew they could turn out to be Jewish, in a context of historic embedded anti-Semitism, agree to principles which allowed public bodies to impose anti-Jewish quotas, purportedly as a way to avoiding the possible consequences of anti-Semitism? Unlikely.

Staphylococcus aureas versus Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aurea

From Staphylococcus aureus to MRSA Abstract I investigated the difference between Staphylococcus aureas and its super bacteria form of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureas. I used books, websites, and scholarly projects to understand the topic at a molecular level. After researching penicillin, Staphylococcus aureas, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureas, I found that both the drug and the bacteria use enzymes as their defense and attack mechanism. Penicillin uses a ß-lactam ring as a substrate to clog the active site of transpeptidase, and in defense, the bacteria uses ß-lactamase to break down the ß-lactam ring. I hope to continue research on super bacteria to determine whether or not other super bacteria such as Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pyogenes use the same defenses. I found growing number of super bacteria both interesting and disconcerting. My conclusion is that antibiotics and even antibacterials must be monitored more closely if we wish to keep the upper hand over bacteria. In 1928 when Alexander Fleming saw the bacteria-free ring of inhibition made by Staphylococcus aureus around Penicillium notatum (penicillin) in his petri dish, he must have been shocked and thrilled. By 1940, penicillin was being produced for a very eager public. [4] It was our miracle drug; bacterial infections were a thing of the past. However, the use of penicillin was quickly abused, and problems arose. A target bacteria, Staphylococcus aureas soon learned to beat the scientist who thought he had them conquered. MRSA, or Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureas is very similar to Staphylococcus aureas, but it is no longer affected by penicillin or methicillin, the most common antibiotics... ...iel C., and Natalie C. J. Strynadka. "Structure of SeMet Penicillin Binding Protein 2a From Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strain 27r (Trigonal Form) At 2.45 a Resolution." (2002). Protein Data Bank. . [4] Natural Products as Pharmaceuticals: a Look At Penicillin. 20 July 2008 . [5] Strynadka, Natalie C. J., and Daniel Lim. "Structural Basis of B-Lactam Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Strains of "Superbug" Revealed." 2002. University of British Columbia. 20 July 2008 _sci_3.pdf>. [6] "The Bacterial Cell Wall." 1995. The University of Texas, DPALM MEDIC. 20 July 2008 . [7] Weigelt, John A. MRSA. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2008.

Compare and contrast the Lady of Shalott with In Westminster Abby Essay

Consider * The context * The depiction of the women * Form * The poets’ use of language * Your response Both of the poems are about a woman. From the outset the two women appear very different, but when you study them more closely and we can begin to discover similarities. I think that both the woman in The Lady of Shalott and the women in West Minister Abbey are prisoners in some way or form. It is maybe more obvious in The Lady of Shalott where she is actually imprisoned inside a tower which is on an island and more than that she is also imprisoned by a curse which is upon her. The woman in Westminster Abbey is imprisoned by her lack of connection with reality and is so out of touch with the real world that I would say she is a prisoner within her self. The main difference between the two women is that one of them knows she is a prisoner and eventually in the end breaks away (even though it kills her) yet the other is blaitinly unaware. The tradition is which they are written is very different. The Lady of Shalott tells a story therefore it is a Narrative poem. In Westminster is about self-revelation so it is a dramatic monologue. The Lady of Shalott is set in the era of King Author and the Knights of the Round Table. The poem features Sir Lancelot (one of the greatest of the Knights) who is a key character. I think he symbolizes the male system that was very dominant back in the Victorian times. In short Lancelot represents to her all that she can’t have and accepting death is better than being locked up. The poem is split into four parts, which build a kind of chapter formation. Part one gives us a bit of insight to what her surroundings are like and the fact she lives in a tower and that no one really knows very much about her. â€Å"Down to tower’d Camelot: And by the moon the reaper weary, Piling sheaves in uplands airy, Listening, whispers † ‘Tis the fairy Lady of Shalott.† This quote from the poem (which is the last four lines of part 1) tells us that she is perceived almost like some kind of super natural being. In part two the lady of Shalott never stops working. She is weaving a picture of the things she sees reflected by a mirror so what she sees is 2-d and fickle. (Notice the contrast, her surroundings are drab yet her tapestry is colourful) â€Å"A funeral, with plumes and lights and music, went to Camelot: Or when the moon was overhead, Came two young lovers lately wed† The above statement connects the funeral with a wedding like both are equal and that love is equivalent to death. The lady then realizes that there is something unsubstantial about her life and proclaims â€Å"I’m half sick of shadows† In Part three Lancelot appears and she sees his attractive reflection in the mirror, it appeals to her so much that she stops her work and looks out through the window at him. SHOCK the mirror breaks and the curse has come upon her. We can see how the lady almost becomes a mirror in herself with the glassy expression on her face. In this ‘chapter’ the rhyming pattern changes when Lancelot appears, usually every verse ends with the word Shalott but one of the verses ends with Camelot instead. This is symbolic of how much devastation he actually causes, the whole form of the poem alters when he appears. In part four she wonders from the tower down to Camelot. And down the river’s dim expanse — Like some bold seer in a trance, Seeing all his own mischance — With a glassy countenance†¦. These lines tell of the lady’s trance like gaze possibly cause by thoughts of passion and desire (Lancelot). This could indicate that she is not responsible for her own actions. The changes of weather in the ‘chapter’ indicate the change in mood. She comes down to Camelot and finds a boat that is her final resting-place. She does not kill her self, nor is she evil because her last song is said to be mournful and holy. All the people gather round her and in the crowd, totally oblivious to the fact he caused her death Lancelot proclaims that god has mercy on her as she has a lovely face. In Westminster Abbey is set during a war against Germany in the church in Westminster abbey. A woman is talking the whole time, which makes this, distinctly different from the last. In fact she is doing more than talking, she is praying. Once we discover that the audience is God we become very shocked by the things she is coming out with, especially when she says if he makes a mistake she will forgive him! She is being incredibly selfish and asking for special treatment i.e. that she should be protected more than anyone else. The woman is being greedy and praying for silly things like that her shares down go down and such like. In one of the verses she is talking about why England should win. There is great juxtaposition in the list that she gives placing things like democracy and class distinction together and then bringing in the fact they have proper drains, which just shows her snobbery. In other parts she is racist telling god to protect the blacks but to protect the whites more, which is saying that whites are more important just because they are more sophisticated and probably more civilized that the blacks she was talking about. The last verse gives us real insight into her character. She asks God for what she wants and expects to have her prayers answered in return for doing things she should have been doing any way. I.e. helping the war effort and going to church ‘when ever she got the time’. The poem ends with her having to leave for a social occasion- â€Å"A now dear lord I cannot wait, Because I have a luncheon date† She is a snob and she thinks God is one too, instead of praying to him in her local church she comes all the was to Westminster because she thinks God will view her prayer as more important. The end line of every verse deflates to what she has said (exposes the selfishness). The poet uses irony to show her up so you can’t help laughing because you become almost astonished by the things that she says. The woman’s actions don’t co-inside with her words and the language doesn’t fit. This makes her seem like a walking contradiction. I think there is great contrast in both the context and styles of these poems but there still are similarities. They are both poems with a message; the message in The Lady of Shalott is that if you strive for more freedom you might end up dead. The message in the second poem is that we aren’t always aware of our faults etc. but they are always there.

Research Paper on Photography

Research Paper on Photography When I looked at this specific picture many words came into my head, but the first five words that I immediately thought of were rejection, poor, depression, sadness, and helpless. As I examined this photo further I began to ponder about what the story behind this specific picture was. This helped me think of three important questions that were; what happened to these people? How are they feeling? And most importantly, who are they? When I look at this picture there are many things that I have to guess, but there are some things that I know for certain. Looking at this photograph I notice that there is a boy and a girl sitting somewhere, by the looks of it on some type of road or sidewalk. When I focus my attention on the boy I can tell that he’s holding up a sign that reads â€Å"Poverty Owning People†¦Can you spare us some change?† The boy is also wearing a hat with some type of bandana on underneath and his eyes are closed. The girl is sitting beside the boy and she’s squinting in the light, which obviously tells the viewer that this certain picture was taken in the morning or mid afternoon. She looks like she’s wearing a long sleeved sweater or wool shirt. Standing in this picture myself I would see a busy street with a lot of traffic probably somewhere downtown where there are many stores and a lot of people that I could convey this message of mine, about being poor to. Downtown personally is a good choice because there are a lot of homeless and poor people that have to survive there so these people would probably fit in perfectly. Taking a closer glance at the picture I learned that this picture was titled â€Å"The Poverty Owning People,† and was photographed by Anna Moonshrek which was taken in the year 2003. This picture’s actual dimensions were not given, but it was taken in color. As I look at this picture I can see that the main focus of this picture is the boy and girl because of how they are placed and how the photograph was taken, which was close up. This photographer has used many techniques so it’s easy for the viewer to get a better perspective on what this picture could be about like the rule of thirds. This technique has been used well because it places the subjects eyes on 1/3 of the page which clearly makes the viewers attention travel around the picture since it’s not entirely in the centre. These different techniques are a great asset in the outcome of photographs overall because they help the compositions acquire balance. When a picture is appropriately balanced a viewer knows that it is a good picture since there aren’t any blank areas and the viewers eyes travel around the entire picture and not just one part that really sticks out. For example in this picture my eyes travel to the brightest thing which is the piece of board the boy is holding. This piece of board has the message of â€Å"The Poverty Owning People† on it. Since there is a message, and it is a pretty strong one even though it doesn’t seem like it at first the viewers eyes eventually travel around the entire picture. Color is also an important factor in the way a photographer wants the person’s eyes to travel. It’s usually pretty obvious that the brighter the colour the more attractive it is and that is usually what a viewer would focus on at first. Therefore if you have dull colors in your photograph they aren’t going to look as fabulous as you would want them too. Another important technique when taking photographs is texture. Texture is important because usually a lot of people like to know what the picture would feel like. Many people are curious about what they’re looking at, so when the photographer makes the variety of textures seem more realistic usually it’s to the photographers own advantage. For instance texture can be spotted in this photograph on the boys hat which looks like it’s mesh because u can see through it, he’s also wearing a jacket which looks like it has some sort of rivets on it, and his skin also has a texture because when you look at it, it looks as if it was burned by the sun because it’s red. So one comes to the conclusion that he has been outside for a pretty long time. The girl is wearing pants that look like jeans and they look pretty worn out by the marks on them. This just goes to show that texture can also tell a lot about what is going on in a picture. An additional technique a photographer uses is light. Light is also a vital principal in taking good photographs. You can see in this picture that the light is very bright because the subjects are sitting outside in the sun. Even though the light makes this picture look very bright and happy the moods of the people in the picture are the total opposite and they tell a totally different story. Technique is one of the things that help a person understand a photograph. When most people look at a photograph they interpret what they see because most photographs don’t have captions that tell the viewer what’s going on. That is why we have to make an educated guess about what the photograph could be about, but to understand what the photograph could be a bout the viewer (me in this case) has to take a very good look at the specific item which is being viewed and than talk about their observations or what they figured out by doing so. In this picture the boy and girl look like normal people but when you read the sign it tells you a totally different story about poverty and how they would like someone to give them some money so they can survive. It also shows me that since they have no money and they’re asking for it, they are depressed, and sad because of the look on their faces. I can also guess that they are helpless because no one seems to be helping them out which shows rejection. They have obviously been rejected from someone, otherwise why would they be asking for money on the street. These educated guesses are my own opinion, the story about this photograph could be totally different but that is what I thought of when I saw this picture. The photographer could have created this image to portray to the society that we should be thankful for what we have so we don’t end up in a situation like this. She could be a journalist or she could be doing a project on poverty. Also since â€Å"The Poverty Owning People† sounds like an organization she could be trying to raise money for it. This photograph like every photograph has its own uniqueness and that’s what makes it so different from others. The positioning, the content and view make it a really good piece of photography and that’s mainly why I decided to chose it. It also really attracted my attention because the color co-ordination was very bright and crisp. This picture has a lot of potential because whenever you look at you see a different story about what this photograph could be about. I really liked it since it expressed not only one opinion but many variations of different prospects just waiting to be found. It wasn’t spectacular like many other pieces but it was still pretty good.

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buy custom Does Money Motivate People essay Money has been a means rewarding workers for a very long time. There are many other incentives given to workers such as free gifts, promotions and holiday leaves. Among those offered, money is considered as the most important of all. Money is considered most important because everything that man needs for survival has the value of money attached to it. This includes all the basic needs needed for human survival.Food, shelter and clothing all have money value attached to them. It is with this regard that many organizations consider money is the most important motivator to their employees. This has been explained in details by sociologists like Philip Slater. The question if money matters has been posed by many people. Many reputable scientists have argued that it actually depends on which society one is referring to. In other words, which historical period one is talking about. They refer to how people used to live sometimes back. During the Stone Age period, there was no money. People used to exchange goods as a means of trade. This means that workers were paid by being given goods such as food, jewelary and pieces of cloth to wear. They thus argue that there was no money and yet workers were motivated. Money is thus not considered a motivator by scientists because even presently such agreements do exist. In some cases, they have referred to the African Traditional way of paying bride price. Dowry is paid in form of domestic animals and not money (Blass, 2009). Wealth can be measured in many ways and the amount of money one has is one them. Every person does his best to gain wealthy but people perceive wealth differently. Some people regard material wealth more highly than money. These are the people who might not consider money as a motivator. Just like the Traditional African society, some people in the modern would still prefer material wealth as a motivator rather than money. There are cases where employers have bought houses and vehicles for their employees as a means of appreciating their good work. The employees have ended up working even harder because they have been motivated by goods. In other different cases motivation can be something much different from money. When a student is praised for doing well, thats enough motivation and can make him to perform even harder. Thus money can be a motivator to some but not others. Does Money Motivate? Employers pay their employees money as a major means of motivation. This is the most common means compared to others and reminds one about Shaw and Gruptas article. It stated that the idea that everybody wanted money was just propaganda. It goes on to say that it was circulated by wealth addicts who wanted to feel better about themselves. Other means used in organization to motivate employees include praises, promotions and giving employees gifts and presents. In the present world, people need money to carry their day to day activities (Collins and Moore, 1970). It is for this reason that Trade Unions are fighting tirelessly for workers to be paid good salary. They fight for pay rise and good working conditions. Few organizations provide their employees with food at their work places. It is for this reason that employees must be paid well so that they can buy food because they cannot work on an empty stomach. The employees may also have other dependants like families and friends. This implies that even if they are given enough food at work it is not convincing for them not to be paid. Money is also used by employees to meet other basic needs that they may need. They need clothing to keep them and cover their nakedness. Studies show that employees spend a large amount of their income to buy clothing in order to be smart. Other firms provide uniforms to their employees which they wear during working hours. Generally they are supposed to be presentable in their places of work thus they need money to buy clothing. Shelter is another basic need that employees should have. They should therefore be paid money that will enable them to rent or buy their own houses. This amounts to motivation at work place because employees will work well if they motivation to those employees who cannot afford housing. Servant quarters are provided by some organisations to employees who want to live near the company. Skinnerians definition of motivation is classified into two. He was renowned sociologist who distinguished them between intrinsic and extrinsic. He defines intrinsic motivation as whereby the task is qualified as appealing (Cooper, 2000). It should be appealing in a way that the employees should feel motivated when they are given the gift.He goes to give examples of what he thinks the best motivation for such employees. He gives example of an employee who urgently needs a house. Such an employee will be highly motivated if he is given a house as a gift other than giving him something else.He ends his statement by suggesting that employees should be given a chance to choose what will motivate them. If this is implemented, then the organisation should give limits because some employees could be so extravagant. Extrinsic motivation is whereby the organization gives motivation in a manner which is conditional. This means that an employee is given something to motivate him but given certain targets to meet. In this case, the promise given or the gift given can be withdrawn if the target is not met. He has given examples of such cases. An employee is given a house to live in on condition that if he meets a given target the house will be his. Skinnerian in his article does not support extrinsic motivation. He gives possibilities of some employees blackmailing their employees by setting unachievable targets. Reseach conducted showed that most employees would prefer intrinsic kind of motivation compared to extrinsic. It also showed that many companies use intrinsic kind of motivation in their policies. What Does Money Mean To Motivation? Numerous studies have shown that when employees are asked what is most important to them, money has been ranked as most important. Other factors like good working conditions, type of work to be done and of administration come later. This implies that with good payment, many employees are willing to work under any given conditions. It thus gives us the reason as to why generally many people can even risk their entire lives for the sake money. This relates to the study of human nature which states that human desires cannot be satisfied. Some employees have been known to work even on holidays so tha they can earn more. Others dont even go on leave just to work for money. Managers who have been asked what their employees prefer most have also ranked money as the most important. This assumption has however led to many employees being mistreated at their place of work. Some Managers take this advantage to sexually harass their juniors Such cases are more witnessed at the time workers are being recruited. Employees who are promised a lot of money to the extend of bribing the managers to get the position they want. It can be noted from this that money is a source of all evils. Unqualified people are employed through bribery. This may make the company not perform at certain points because the employees are incompetent.Some employees are victims of sexual harassment just because they have been promised money by the managers. This proves the relevancy of the study which showed that many marriages were being broken because of sexual relationships at work places. It was also noted that H.I.V and AIDS spread through the same means (Drucker, 1985). The question of how to note when employees are motivated or not has been posed by many scholars.There are many signs of employees who are not motivated. Under performance and low morale are the most common of the signs. One of the reasons for underperformance is when one is not given the right job to do. As Frederick Herzberg puts it people should be given good job to do if the manager expects the job to be done well. Employees should therefore be employed in places where they are professions. He gives example of a person who is a marketer by profession being employed as an accountant. Some employees get demotivated because personal issues. These include family and relationship complications that one may be facing. In such cases, the employees should be given some time off to compose themselves. This because the chances of making mistakes are very high when one is in such condition. Highly motivated employees produce maximum output. They work very hard and tirelessly. Such employees are always in their best moods, they great each other and at least smile. Psychologists believe that employees have a basic need to feel appreciated. It is therefore important to appreciate what employees do to put them in the right mood. Psychologists have also stated that most employees hate managers who shout at them. Good leadership skills are therefore very important in motivating employees. Managers should democratic as good leaders. This will motivate the workers because democracy means employee participation in decision making. This will make the employees to feel part of the organisation which enhances their morale at work. To improve this relationship, the office of the manager should be free at all times to all employees who want to air there views. Managers should also not victimize employees for their views even if they are against policies of the company (Gatner and Shaver, 1994). There are also other ways of motivating employees apart from giving them money. Many Organisations give promotion to their employees as a way of motivating them. Several factors are considered while giving promotions.The most common factor considered is the number of years one has worked with the Organization. Others base on performance and discipline of the employee at work. Improving working conditions is another way of motivating employees. This includes reducing hours of work and making the rules and regulations bearable. Employers can also motivate their workers by making working environment better. They can do this by purchasing new machines and by installing new technologies in their firms. When the machines are efficient and fast, employees will enjoy working on them. This is a motivation because output is increased which makes the employee more happy. Organisations can also give their employees some time off to relax their minds. This includes weekend offs and leaves. They should also be given some time off during public holidays (Kiezner, 2010). This will motivate the employees because they get sometimes to spend with their families. It also gives the employees time do their personal duties. Workers who go on duty on such holidays should also be paid bonus as onetime. This is a good motivation as the bonus is normally double the normal pay.Giving praises and commending employees for work well done is also a motivation. This will encourage them to work even harder and better. It is human nature to feel motivated if they feel they are appreciated. What Does Money Mean in Life? Money brings the hope and satisfaction that one is in apposition to have a roof to shelter his or her head, the capability of one to stay warm and the confidence of having the next meal on the table. Having a home means that one has to incur costs every minute and to do so one has to have money. The cost of maintaining a home is part of everyone life and that is not going to change in any time in future. When people go shopping, money motivates them to try and save through buying the best commodities using the little money we can to have the best available commodities before them. There exist many luxuries sold with big price tags which promise the common man ease and comfort of satisfying the day today responsibilities. For one to make life easier, the common man is always motivated to spare the little money before them and let go of the luxuries in their life. The idea to have cash kept away for future tasks such as retirement motivate people to have savings and make investments. It is the nature of man to expect money to earn more money while they sit and do nothing about that. Though people do invest because they are motivated to have more money, it is not safe but because of the current recession in every part of the world, people take risks with the hope of gaining more money. Some people believe that having liquid cash with them is a risk thus they are motivated to invest as away of saving it. Most people during their lives as workers are motivated to open saving accounts so as to ensure that they have financial security in future. Thus the need of having money in future motivate people to engage in many income oriented activities in an effort to achieve current and future financial security. There is no individual who wishes to have fixed income everyday that would force them to cut down the daily needs and pleasures due to the absence of enough money. The cost incurred to meet the basic needs in life such as education, motivates people to spare money to meet the children fees in futture. Money always motivates people to make the most of the available resources including the money they have. No matter how comfortable most people may get, they never get satisfied of what they have, they are always motivated with the pleasures they earn out of having money to even work harder to earn more money so that they continue enjoying the pleasure and have even more. Money motivates people to make future plans and meet the never ending efforts to have better budgets in future. It is the demand of money to satisfy almost everything that motivates people to engage in different activities. The deepest desires of a person are normally brought to the surface by money. It motivates every individual as it is a means of bringing their dreams to fulfillment. Money always inspires people to try move to the next possible level that come their way (Kobia and Sikalieh, 2010). As money can be considered to be a blessing to many, it is also a curse to some people. Just the way it brings success to some people, it results to great failure to others. It inspires people from different backgrounds and race to engage in both bad and good things. It has proved to be one of the most basic needs in the life of people and due to this position, it has come out as being a cause of controversy. Money is a product that is tangible and brings out the worst and best in people from different shades of life. Both women and men are in love with money so much that they can do or sacrifice anything to gain it. This can go to the extend of hurting or killing others. Money is a desirable product when it is put in proper use. However, when an individual desires to gain the money supercedes every other important thing, it ends up being dangerous. Money should be considered as a consequent of a positive action. It has to be regarded as a bonus in life of people. People can engage in any type of work if they are not specialized in that filed or even if they dont like it just to gain money. When one has money, he or she can have most of things done in life. This motivates every person to work even harder so as to assume such position. Money makes life smoother but this should not compromise the morality of an individual. Some people are willing to go to the extend of selling their souls for the sake of money. Money Motivates People to Gain Wealth Everyone wants good health, wealth and happiness in abundance. Money is the basic motivator for people to have good health, wealth and happiness. Though money cannot buy happiness, it meets the material needs that are responsible for making people happy. Money is the only means of purchasing anything an individual believes will be a source of happiness. People desire to have material things like homes, cars and boats are basically motivated by cash. People strive to have bank accounts that are large and engage in whatever it will take them to gain more money rewards in their business or at work. Individuals who seek money by the desire of pursuing their passion are motivated to make more money to ensure that their desires come to pass. The passion of being whatever one wants motivates them to work harder than usual in order to have the desires come to pass. This does not mean the person is motivated by greed but the passion to meet his or her desire. It can be argued that money is the root of evil as it is believed by many because it is through money that people gain the basic needs in life like shelter, medicine, clothes and insurance. These are not evil things but necessities. The current lifestyle demands that most of the things people need have to be purchased with some currency. With the demands of the necessities in most peoples lives, they have to be motivated to earn the money so that they access the basic needs in life. The love people have for money is what motivates them as that is their source of happiness. The motivation to have more money can be considered to be a secondary motivation to the primary needs of having other things like food, clothes and decent homes. Money in life means that an individual has the means of accessing the services and goods that are necessary in achieving their goals. Money also steps in as a pay for the items that are necessary in meeting personal basic needs. Every person is motivated to have more income so as to turn their dreams to reality. Motivation and money are related inversely thus one cannot do without the other (Mintzberg, 2000). How Money Motivates Employees The performances and motivation are complex issues in any life context and are affected by a number of factors. The role money plays in motivation cannot efficiently take the place of the role of management in ensuring that the employees meet the organizations performance expectations. Other people believe that money cannot step in to motivate employees and that is true regarding some employees but the truth is that a large percentage of employees in most of the work places are motivated by their income. Statistics carried out on the same issue show that employees are motivated by money many to a degree that can be said to be moderate while the most fall under the great degree. Money does not necessary change the behavior of the employees at the work place in relation to motivation but directs their behavior to tending towards being motivated. Jobs that fetch more money compared to the others attract more applicants and more qualified personnel. Pay rises are also seen to motivate the employees to work harder as compared to workers who have been receiving the same amount of salary for along period of time. Employees tend to perform better on overtimes as that earns them extra cash to the basic salary they earn. Workers are also seen to be active on activities such as work field trips and meetings which earn them allowances. Thus the employees tend to be motivated by the extra activities they do in the work places that earn them extra money (Conklin, 2000). Conclusion Money can arguably be considered as one of the basic needs in life. It is through money that people gain access to the basic needs and even the luxuries. It is the desire of life satisfaction that motivates people to work to have more money as the more money a person has the more satisfaction come their way. Thus money motivates most of the activities done by many people as it determines what an individual has or what he or she cannot access. However, such motivation should be in such away that it gets the better an individual morality is in some cases, most people are motivated to engage in evil activities in an effort to gain money thus supporting the saying that money is the source of evil. 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Case study - analysis company's economic issue and expansion of Essay

Case study - analysis company's economic issue and expansion of solution - Essay Example They are the proprietors who take the advantage of their position in ranking to exploit the employees and strain the gains of a firm for their personal gains. One key aspect of these vulture capitalists is that they invest in a firm, shows quick returns but the firm is bound to collapse and as such, the capitalist seizes part or the whole of the assets of the firm. Such is the case as described by John Nichols about the Hostess Brands Inc. These investors then cover up by laying blames on the employees and the workers unions. Hostess Brands Inc, the collapsing maker of Twinkies, Wonder Bread, vast range of snack cakes and other breads is one such a company to have severely been hit by the wave of the unscrupulous vulture capitalists. She has closed her 33 plants around the United States and has now embarked into liquidating the assets in a bid to offset the huge amount of debts outstanding. The company’s employees went on a strike joining the rest of the union’s members over the alleged exploitation by the proprietors and the top management distributions. Neoclassical economists have studied the optimal production of a firm by focusing on distribution of income among other aspects of major importance. This is well illustrated by the analysis of supply and demand and maximization of utility by individuals who are constrained on income matters and the study of firms that are constrained in terms of costs. According to the proponents of the neoclassical thoughts, people are always rational in thinking, and have rational preferences when it comes to value based outcomes. It is worth noting that firms maximize profits while persons maximize utility. As regards relevance in information, people act independently. However, according to analysts, individual persons lack competence in negotiations and bargains. This necessitates unions of persons with like interests or grievances. This can explain the formation of the BCTGM, a workers union that serves the hostess workers, however, the workers of the firm did not ask for better pensions as individuals or also through their union and this would better explain that the union was in no way responsible for the crisis. In fact, as a matter of fact, the company employees have a record of good working relations with the proprietors and have had working benefit and wage concessions. Adjustments to new demands in the industry and technological advancements have dominated the firm in the past. Farber defines labor unions associations of workers who bargain collectively and has the employers regarding the terms laid down for employment. The BCTGM was formed to serve the following purposes as is the role of all other labor unions: as a maximizing agent, as a bargaining body for the wages, as an arbitrator in times of conflicts and strikes and basic amongst all the roles, as a determiner of membership (Farber, 2001, 1). Nevertheless, Hostess collapsed as a result of the vulture capitalist’s nature of the management team. The team laid off 20% of the workforce and while the workers bore all the burden of the collapsing corporation, the management engaged more in looting the company’s assets and funds. According to the classical economics, human beings are assumed to be rational and that they make decisions on the best way for personal gains. This explains the nature of the vulture ca

Letter on current issue to the editor of the Wall Journal Essay

Letter on current issue to the editor of the Wall Journal - Essay Example Piereson acknowledges the income disparity that exists between the top one percent and the ninety nine percent of American population. Addressing this inequality, however, is the contentious issue. Both economists and politics are yet to agree on the most appropriate course of action. As the debate continues, I disagree with Piereson on the argument that the top one percent population is not the cause of the income inequality problem. The issue is that the rich are getting richer and the poor are further plunging into poverty. In this respect, it is fundamental to address the problem before things get worse than they already are. It is important to note that the proposed taxation approach is just one of the many avenues that the government can use to bridge the gap between the rich the poor. Amid critical disagreements on the way forward, it is evident that income inequality is already a crisis that could get out of control in the next few years. The one percent, the ninety nine percent, and all other stakeholders should collaborate to reach an ultimate compromise. Piereson, James. The Truth About the ‘One Percent’. The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 17, 2014. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.